Time-specific bidirectional links between maternal microbiome, milk composition and infant gut microbiota
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Early-life gut microbiome development is shaped by complex maternal and nutritional influences, yet the temporal and directional structure of these interactions remains unclear. In a longitudinal study of 152 mother-infant dyads in rural Burkina Faso, we examined how maternal gut and milk microbiomes, alongside milk components, influence infant gut microbiome development during the first six months. At 1–2 months, the infant gut microbiome clustered into three types: Escherichia -dominated, Bifidobacterium -dominated, and a diverse, pathogen-prevalent profile, which became less distinct by 5–6 months. Early infant gut microbiomes were associated with maternal prenatal gut microbiota and early milk microbiome and oligosaccharides, while later variation was linked to other milk nutrients. Furthermore, early infant gut profiles predicted subsequent milk composition, suggesting potential bidirectional communication between infant needs and maternal lactational physiology. These findings offer new insights into early-life microbial development and inform future mechanistic studies and microbiome-targeted interventions, particularly in low-resource settings.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".