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Record W4417493546 · doi:10.3390/info17010002

Super Encryption Standard (SES): A Key-Dependent Block Cipher for Image Encryption

2025· article· en· W4417493546 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueInformation · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicChaos-based Image/Signal Encryption
Canadian institutionsSt. Clair College
Fundersnot available
KeywordsEncryptionBlock cipherProbabilistic encryptionTriple DESMultiple encryptionBlock cipher mode of operationDeterministic encryptionTransposition cipherCiphertext

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Data encryption is a core mechanism in modern security services for protecting confidential data at rest and in transit. This work introduces the Super Encryption Standard (SES), a symmetric block cipher that follows the overall workflow of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) but adopts a key-dependent design to enlarge the effective key space and improve execution efficiency. The SES accepts a user-supplied key file and a selectable block dimension, from which it derives per-block round material and a dynamic substitution box generated using SHA-512. Each round relies only on XOR and a conditional half-byte swap driven by key-derived row and column vectors, enabling lightweight diffusion and confusion with low implementation cost. Experimental evaluation using multiple color images of different sizes shows that the proposed SES algorithm achieves faster encryption than the AES baseline and produces a ciphertext that behaves statistically like random noise. The encrypted images exhibit very low correlation between adjacent pixels, strong sensitivity to even minor changes in the plaintext and in the key, and resistance to standard statistical and differential attacks. Analysis of the SES substitution box also indicates favorable differential and linear properties that are comparable to those of the AES. The SES further supports a very wide key range, scaling well beyond typical fixed-length keys, which substantially increases brute-force difficulty. Therefore, the SES is a promising cipher for image encryption and related data-protection applications.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Simulation or modeling · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Methods · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.856
Threshold uncertainty score0.937

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0010.007
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.006
GPT teacher head0.245
Teacher spread0.239 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it