C-CTX1 and 17-OH-C-CTX1 Accumulation in Muscle and Liver of Dusky Grouper (Epinephelus marginatus, Lowe 1834): A Unique Experimental Study Under Low-Level Exposure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigated the bioaccumulation of ciguatoxins (CTXs) in dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus) following dietary exposure to toxic fish flesh. Two feeding groups were established: group A (amberjack (Seriola spp.) and dusky grouper flesh) and group B (moray eel (Muraena spp. and Gymnothorax spp.) flesh). CTX-like toxicity was detected in muscle and liver of group A. Flesh toxicity progressively increased from the first sampling. In contrast, CTX activity was only detected in livers in group B. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of C-CTX1 in both groups, and the 17-OH-C-CTX1 analogue was exclusively observed in group A. Toxicity in the liver peaked at 10 weeks in experimental group A, but it showed a decline by the end of the experiment while increasing the storage of the toxin in muscle tissue. These findings demonstrate the differential bioaccumulation of CTXs in grouper flesh and liver, highlighting the potential role of the liver in metabolizing and/or detoxifying ciguatoxins. The efficacy of a combination of different techniques, including the cell-based assay (CBA) and liquid chromatography—low- and high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS and LC-HRMS), was demonstrated to confirm the presence of CTX analogues at very low levels. The results provide insights into CTX transfer and accumulation in marine food webs, underlining the need for further studies on toxin metabolism in predatory fish species.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".