Transdiagnostic Behavioral Phenotypes and Comorbid Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: An Exploratory Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD), including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), have heterogeneous behavioral phenotypes and substantial symptom overlap. Identifying transdiagnostic subgroups may help clarify this heterogeneity. This study aimed to identify behavior‐based subgroups of children with NDD and explore links between gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and behavioral symptoms. Using data from the Province of Ontario Neurodevelopmental Disorders (POND) network, we applied a heterogeneous mixture model (HMM) to behavioral data from 1716 participants, including typically developing (TD, n = 210), ASD ( n = 747), and ADHD ( n = 759) and identified six distinct clusters. Five of the clusters included individuals with TD, ADHD, and ASD diagnoses. The remaining cluster exhibited the most severe behavior phenotype and was exclusively ADHD and ASD participants. Notably, GI symptoms were significantly more prevalent in the cluster with the most severe behavioral profile ( χ 2 (5) = 64.4, p < 0.0001), which is comparable to previous reports linking GI symptoms to more severe clinical symptoms in NDD. These findings emphasize the importance of considering behavioral dimensions over diagnostic labels to identify NDD subgroups. Further research that focuses on signaling pathways of the gut‐brain axis will help understand the biological mechanisms that contribute to individual differences in behavioral profiles in NDDs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".