Perpetual War: Langston Hughes and the Shifting Masks of Global Fascism
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article examines Langston Hughes’s engagement with the mid-twentieth-century emergence of fascism. While paying special attention to his framing of fascism as a logical continuation of a deep history of enslavement and colonization, this article argues that Hughes primarily advances an elastic definition of the term, one that points to the existence of imbalanced relations of power in the modern world. According to Hughes, fascism is omnipresent, finding expression in everything from Benito Mussolini’s invasion of Ethiopia to post-war symbolic production. In addition to analysing Hughes’s examination of the depth of the fascist menace, which threatens to level every aspect of human culture, this article also attends to the practical possibilities that he finds in his moment of social crisis: according to Hughes, by unleashing its violence at a global level, fascism produces new social constellations that transgress the conventional lines of race, nation, geography, and history. Thus, resistance to fascism prepares the ground for collective emancipation. The article concludes by considering the ongoing cultural relevance of this body of writing in a world on the rightward swing: Hughes offers a set of insights and strategies of dissent at a moment when resistance to fascism remains necessary.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.029 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".