A double-structure formulation of NCL for saturated bentonite differentiating free and adsorbed water
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The normal consolidation line (NCL) of saturated bentonite is not a unique straight line in the semi-logarithmic coordinate, but depends on the initial structure formed during the hydro-mechanical processes experienced. This phenomenon differs from that of common saturated remolded clays and also has not been considered in the existing constitutive models for bentonite. In this study, measured compression curves for the saturated bentonite specimens with different initial structures resulted from different hydro-mechanical processes were analyzed. Results show that NCLs are different in the free water-dominated region, while tending to coincide in the adsorbed water-dominated region. Accordingly, two compression mechanisms corresponding to the clay-water properties of free water and adsorbed water of saturated bentonite have been explored. Then, a double-structure formulation of NCL for saturated bentonite was developed to reflect the coupling effects of two compression mechanisms. Finally, the proposed formulation was validated by simulating the compression tests carried out on several bentonites followed different stress paths. Results confirmed that by introducing the coupling effects of two compression mechanisms, the proposed formulation is capable of providing a unified description NCLs of saturated bentonite with different initial structures. The NCL formulation proposed in the work could be used for development of double-structure constitutive models for bentonite.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".