Replacing inorganic trace minerals with organic trace minerals with or without an exogenous amylase in the diet of finishing feedlot bulls: growth performance, carcass parameters, and rumen morphology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study assessed the growth, carcass traits, and rumen morphology of feedlot cattle fed reduced levels of organic trace minerals (OTM) in proteinate forms and Se-yeast, replacing inorganic trace minerals (ITM) sources in combination with exogenous amylase. One hundred and twenty commercial yearling Nellore bulls with an initial body weight (BW) of 349.20 ± 22.90 kg were allocated to 24 pens. The study employed a completely randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement. Factors included ITM or OTM sources/level with or without exogenous amylase (Amaize, Alltech, Maringá, PR, Brazil [0.5 g/kg of dry matter]). The ITM supplement contained Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn in sulfate form, with Se provided as sodium selenite. The OTM supplement provided Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn in proteinate form at 50% of the levels supplied by the ITM supplement, while Se, as Se-yeast, was included at the same level as in the ITM supplement. Both supplements also contained Cr as Cr-yeast and I as sodium iodide. Cattle were fed the same diets, except for the inclusion of trace minerals and exogenous amylase. There was no interaction (P ≥ 0.12) between trace mineral and exogenous amylase for any variable evaluated. Cattle fed OTM tended to have higher average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.07) and gain-to-feed (G: F) ratio (P = 0.06) compared to cattle fed ITM. Cattle fed exogenous amylase had greater dry matter intake (DMI), whether measured in kg/d (P = 0.03) or as a percentage of BW (P = 0.02), with no (P ≥0.10) effect on ADG and G: F ratio compared to cattle not fed exogenous amylase. There was no main effect of trace mineral or exogenous amylase inclusion (P ≥ 0.15) on any of the carcass traits evaluated, except for final Biceps femoris fat thickness (P = 0.05), which were higher in cattle fed OTM. Rumenitis score and rumen morphology were also not different (P ≥0.14). Overall, feeding reduced OTM levels did not exert adverse effects on growth, carcass traits, or rumen morphology in feedlot Nellore cattle, while modestly enhancing ADG, G: F ratio, and Biceps femoris fat thickness compared to ITM sources. The exogenous amylase inclusion increased DMI without differences in ADG, G: F ratio, carcass characteristics, or rumen morphology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".