Octopus-inspired polymeric nanovaccine enables high antigen loading and robust T cell activation for cancer immunotherapy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tumor vaccines hold significant promise for immunotherapy, but are limited by low antigen loading capacity, inefficient cytosolic delivery, and suboptimal T cell activation. Here, we present an octopus-inspired polymeric nanovaccine that integrates high antigen-loading capacity and effective cytosolic delivery within a single polymeric platform. The nanovaccine is constructed by encapsulating antigens with an imidazole-functionalized fluorinated polyethyleneimine and Mn 2+ ions, forming a structure that mimics octopus tentacles and suction cups, where the PEI backbone acts as tentacle-like arms and the imidazole-Mn 2+ units serve as suction cups. This multivalent interface enables robust antigen binding through electrostatic, coordination, and hydrophobic interactions. Beyond stabilizing the antigen payload, the amphiphilic cationic design of the polymers offers efficient cytosolic delivery of antigens into dendritic cells (DCs). Meanwhile, the intracellular release of Mn 2+ activates the STING pathway, promoting innate immune responses. Consequently, the vaccine elicits robust antigen-specific CD8 + T cell responses and durable antitumor immunity in multiple tumor models. This work presents a streamlined, multifunctional strategy to overcome delivery barriers in cancer vaccines.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".