Bibliographic record
Abstract
A 9-hour-old labrador and golden retriever cross puppy presented with an inability to urinate normally and a congenital malformation of the penis and urethra, and was euthanased on welfare grounds. On gross postmortem examination, running 3 mm caudal to the cranial prepuce and extending to the perineum was a 3.5 cm segmental incomplete fusion of the prepuce and absence of the penis, leaving a 3 mm wide gap. A focal urethral orifice of 1 mm diameter was located at the perineum (Figure 1). These findings are compatible with a diagnosis of perineal hypospadias with incomplete preputial fusion and penile agenesis. Hypospadias is a congenital malformation in which the urethra opens ventrally to its normal anatomical location, and can be further classified as glandular, coronal, penile, scrotal or perineal, depending on where the urethra is found in these cases. Often this is accompanied by incomplete fusion of the prepuce and the shortening or absence of the penis, as seen in this case. Genetic/breed and environmental aetiologies for hypospadias have been hypothesised in dogs, but have not yet been fully established.1 Catherine Ennett and Marta Pereira performed the postmortem examination. Catherine Ennett captured the images and drafted the manuscript. Marta Pereira co-drafted the manuscript. The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest. The postmortem examination was performed as a routine diagnostic case, and no further funding was received. This case was presented to the University of Nottingham Veterinary Pathology diagnostic service for postmortem examination after euthanasia on welfare grounds. The owner has consented in writing to the postmortem examination and to the use of the postmortem findings in this publication. This image (Figure 1) shows the external genitalia on gross postmortem examination of a newborn puppy after euthanasia on welfare grounds due to abnormal urination. What is the most likely diagnosis? 1) Urethrorectal fistula 2) Hypospadias 3) Anorchism 4) Paraphimosis 2) Hypospadias.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".