Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pharmacoeconomics: From Theory to Practice introduces readers to the major concepts and principles of pharmacoeconomics and cost-effectiveness analysis. Bridging the gap between theory and practice, the text emphasizes how to apply pharmacoeconomic modeling and decision-making to real-world dilemmas. Issues relating to decisions made in drug regulation, approval, and pricing of the human papillomavirus vaccine are woven throughout the text to illustrate key concepts and ideas. The book is edited by Renee J. G. Arnold: pharmacist, adjunct faculty member, and consultant. Dr. Arnold recruited a highly accomplished group of experts to contribute well-written and informative book chapters including William McGhan, J. Jaime Caro, Gordon Guyatt, Michael Drummond, and others. The book consists of 16 chapters, with the following titles: Introduction to Pharmacoeconomics; Decision Modeling Techniques; Cost of Illness; Markov Modeling in Decision Analysis; Retrospective Database Analysis; What Is Cost-Minimization Analysis?; Cost-Effectiveness Analysis; Budget Impact Analysis; Cost-Utility Analysis: A Case Study of a Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine; Some Problems/Assumptions in Pharmacoeconomic Analysis; Patient-Reported Outcome Measures; Sensitivity Analysis; Use of Pharmacoeconomics in Drug Reimbursement in Australia Canada, and the United Kingdom: What Can We Learn from International Experience?; Pharmacoeconomics in Disease Management: Practical Applications and Persistent Challenges; Computer-Aided Decision Making from Drug Discovery to Pharmacoeconomics; and Speculations on the Future Challenges and Value of Pharmacoeconomics. Each chapter can stand by itself as a work of scholarship. As an example, Alan Haycox's chapter on cost-minimization analysis provides one the best discussions available about when cost-minimization is an appropriate method for economic analysis. Dr. Arnold does not state the intended audience for this text. As an introduction to pharmacoeconomics, the book contains concepts and terminology which are fairly sophisticated for individuals with no prior background on the subject. No additional tools of pedagogy are provided to aid teachers, such as a list of learning objectives, a glossary of terms, exercises, and chapter review questions. In addition, the book's price (available new and online for approximately $80) is relatively high for general adoption for teaching students in a pharmacy school. The book is better suited for teaching graduate level classes or used as a reference for educators and researchers. Pharmacoeconomics: From Theory to Practice is one of an expanding collection of books on pharmacoeconomics, health economics, and decision analysis available to pharmacy educators. This one is a contribution to that collection due to its content and quality of writing. Although the book is an introduction, individuals with experience in pharmacoeconomics may benefit from reading it, too.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.025 | 0.053 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.015 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.019 | 0.014 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.009 | 0.013 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".