Experimental results of a newly developed very high temperature industrial heat pump (140°C) equipped with scroll compressors and working with a new blend refrigerant
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During last decades more and more attention has been paid on CO2 emissions. One of the solutions for decreasing CO2 emissions concerns the substitution of fossil fuels industrial boilers by the use of very high temperature electrical heat pumps. Moreover, according to the Kyoto and Montreal protocols, the CFC and HCFC are or will be forbidden. In that context, the developments of industrial heat pumps (HP) and new working fluids with high critical temperatures are necessary. In this paper, the main refrigerants types are considered for very high temperature heat pump applications (i.e. natural fluids, HFC and HFO). Performance calculations and CO2 emissions impact are presented for some potential interesting fluids for high temperature HP applications. In a second time, the paper demonstrates the technological feasibility and reliability of a newly developed very high temperature heat pump using a new blend as working fluid. This industrial heat pump can supply hot water up to 140°C, or low-pressure steam. The performances of the machine are characterized and reliability is demonstrated by an ageing test campaign.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".