[Historical aspects and new formulations of levothyroxine sodium for hypothyroidism treatment].
Bibliographic record
Abstract
At the end of the 19th century symptoms and signs of hypothyroidism were described in the medical literature. At that time myxedema was a main clinical presentation of the hypothyroid patient. Today, the diagnosis of hypothyroidism is determined mainly by laboratory evaluation with most patients exhibiting only a few clinical signs of thyroid dysfunction. The treatment of hypothyroidism has progressed from partially purified extracts of bovine thyroid gland to an oral administration of synthetic hormone. Since 1981 the only thyroid hormone replacement drug approved by the Israeli Ministry of Health was the Eltroxin brand, made by GlaxoSmithKline. Levothyroxine has a narrow therapeutic range, thus a potential variance exists in the therapeutic efficacy among different levothyroxine preparations. In 2007 the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) announced that the difference in potency of various levothyroxine brands should not exceed ten percent. In 2007 the GSK Company moved the manufacturing of Eltroxin from Canada to Germany. This resulted in a change of the inert ingredients of the drug. It is of interest to know that since the arrival of the new thyroxine formulation in the Israeli pharmaceutical market there has been a dramatic increase in reports of adverse reactions. The media coverage of adverse effects associated with Eltroxin became widespread in television, newspapers and internet sites. This led to a burden on the healthcare system, manifesting itself by an increase in thyroid blood tests, physician follow-up visits, as well as the importing and distribution of a new brand of thyroxine.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".