THE ROLE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AS A FIRM-SPECIFIC ADVANTAGE IN INTERNATIONALIZATION OF FIRMS : THEORY AND EVIDENCE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examines how IT influences the extent of internationalization of firms by using firm-level data on the IT investments and international operations of US multinationals for the 1999-2005 period. We identify managerial/operational complexity, geographic dispersion of subunits, and contextual differences between home and host countries as the main challenges involved in internationalization, and investigate whether IT plays a role in resolving these challenges. Our results suggest that firms’ IT capability plays an important role in their internationalization by resolving the aforementioned challenges. Moreover, a firm’s IT capability (as reflected in its IT investments) and production knowledge (as reflected in its R&D investments) are complementary in their influence on the internationalization of the firm. Given the lack of firm-level empirical evidence on the role of IT in the internationalization and global operations of firms, the current study provides a richer understanding of the impact of IT on firms’ international operations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.020 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".