Suicidal Ideation in Major Depression: Sex Differences and Impact of Comorbid Anxiety
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Being female and having comorbid anxiety are both thought to increase suicidality in patients with major depression. Whether these effects are independent or related to severity of depression is not known. METHOD: We conducted a retrospective review of 533 patients (190 men, 343 women) with major depression at the time of assessment. RESULTS: Suicidal ideation was present in 57.8% of all patients, and 43.2% of all patients had a lifetime anxiety disorder. Significantly more women than men experienced suicidal ideation, and both men and women with a lifetime anxiety disorder were more likely to be suicidal. Age and severity of depression did not account for these results. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with a current major depression, being female and having a lifetime anxiety disorder increase suicidality independently of one another and independently of severity of depression.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".