Medical sociology : a comparative perspective

I.THE STRUCTURE OF MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY. 1.Introduction: A Comparative Approach. The Importance of Cultural Norms and Values in Health-Care Communities. Sociology and Sickness Defined. Medical Sociology Defined. The Rise of A History of Medical Sociology. The Formalization and Institutional Advancement of Medical Sociology. The Future of Medical Sociology. Medical Sociology in Europe. Theoretical Orientations in Medical Sociology. Functionalism. Conflict Theory and Social Constructionism. Symbolic Interactionism. Research Techniques in Medical Sociology. Survey Research. Participant Observation. Secondary Data Analysis. The Influence of the State on Medical Sociology. A Comparative Approach to the Influence of Culture on Health-Related Behavior. Culture Defined. The Relationship between Culture and Health. A Comparison of Medical Anthropology and Medical Sociology. 2.The History of Medicine. Social History and Sociology. The History of Medicine in Western Civilization. The Dawn of Civilization to Egyptian Medicine. The Influence of Greek and Roman Medicine. Medicine and the Medieval Period. Medicine and the Renaissance. Medicine in an Industrial Society. Medicine in the United States: 1620-1950. Medicine in a Postindustrial Society. Medicine in the United States: 1950 and Beyond. Medicine and the Developing World. Health Care in Asia. Health Care in Africa. The Future of Medicine. The Impact of Technology of Medicine. Aging Populations and Health Care. Political Will and Health-Care Costs. 3.Epidemiology and Medicine. Sociological Explanations of Health Outcomes. A Brief History of Epidemiology. Historical Periods in Epidemiology. The Epidemiological Transition. Epidemiological Indicators of Social and Medical Outcomes. Mortality. Infant Mortality. Morbidity. Life Expectancy. Basic Sociological Variables and Health Outcomes. Age. Sex. Race and Ethnicity. Social Class. Epidemiology and Medical Sociology. A Case Study: AIDS. II.HEALTH AND ILLNESS BEHAVIOR. 4.Health Behavior. The Sociology of Health Behavior. Definitions of Health. Definitions of Health Behavior and Health Status. The Influence of Culture. The Intersection of Sex, Race and Ethnicity, Age, and Social Class on Health Behavior. Sex. Race and Ethnicity. Age. Social Class. Models of Health Behavior. The Health Belief Model. An Emerging Model of Health Behavior. The Influence of Health Promotion and Lifestyle on Health Behavior. The Sociology of Health Promotion and Lifestyle. Social-Structural Influences on Health and Health Behavior. The Self-Care Movement. 5.Illness Behavior (Part I). Interpretations of Illness Behavior. Theoretical Explanations of Illness Behavior. Suchman's Stages of Illness Behavior. Mechanic's General Theory of Help Seeking. Additional Theories of Illness Behavior. Illness Behavior in the Global Community. Age. Sex. Race and Ethnicity. Social Class. A Sociological Analysis of Pain. 6.Illness Behavior (Part II): The Sick Role and Beyond. The Importance of the Sick Role. The Sick Role: An Introduction to Illness as Deviance. The Sick Role: A Comparative Analysis. The Socio-Historical Context of the Sick Role. The Influence of Sex, Age, Race and Ethnicity, and social Class on the Sick Role. Criticisms of the Sick Role. Chronic Illness: A Problem for the Sick Role. Physical Disability. The Social Construction of Illness. The Medicalization of Society. Medicalization of Women's Life Events. Medicalization and Demedicalization: An Analysis. 7.Mental Illness. Mental Illness and Social Stigma. A History of Mental Illness. Institutionalization and Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally Ill. Impact of Public Policy on Mental Health Facilities and Staffing. Theoretical Models of Mental Disorders. The Medical Model. The Psychoanalytic Model. Social Learning Theory. The Antipsychiatric or Problems in Living Perspective. Sociological Explanations of Mental Disorders. Sociological Indicators of Mental Disorders. Age. Race and Ethnicity. Sex. Social Class. III.SERVICE PROVIDERS. 8.Physicians. The Realities of Becoming a Physician. The History of the Physician in the United States. The Flexner Report and Its Consequences. Professionalization of the Physician. Becoming a Doctor: Current Realities. A Comparative Analysis of Physicians. Canada. Great Britain. Czech Republic. Poland. Developing Nations. A Comparative Analysis Revisited. Women as Physicians. History of Women as Physicians. Continued Gender-Based Differences. The Changing Role of the Physician. Physician/Patient Relationships. Future Trends. Issues Associated with Managed Care. 9.Nursing. The Realities of Nursing. The History of Nursing. Nursing in the United States. Nursing and Minorities. Early Growth of Nursing. Educational Requirements and Nursing. Licensed Practical Nurse Training. Diploma-Based Programs. Associate Degree Programs. Baccalaureate Degree Programs. Graduate Nursing Programs. Clinical Nurse Specialists and Nurse Practitioners. The Status of Nurses. The Socialization of Nursing Students. Nursing Today. Demographic Changes within Nursing. Problems for the Nursing Profession: A Cross-Cultural View. The Changing Health-Care System and Nursing. Future Trends in Nursing. 10.Traditional and Alternative Medicines/Practitioners. Alternative Medicines and Their Practitioners: An Overview. Explanations and Assessment of Alternative Medicine. Chiropractic Medicine. Osteopathy. Homeopathic Medicine. Acupuncture. Ayurveda. Modern Practitioners of Traditional Medicine. Barefoot Doctors. Feldshers. Folk Medicine. Black Folk Medicine. Curanderismo. Native American Healers. IV.THE ORGANIZATION OF HEALTH CARE IN SOCIETY. 11.Hospitals. The Symbolic Nature of the Hospital. The Development of the Hospital. The Emergence of the Premodern Hospital. The Hospital Since the Industrial Revolution. The French Revolution and the Development of the Hospital in France. The Hospital in England. Characteristics of Hospitals in Other Industrialized Nations. Characteristics of Hospitals in Developing Nations. Hospital Development in the United States. Initial Period of Development: 1750-1870. The Expansion Period: 1870-1919. The Period of Historical Influence: 1930-1965. The Period of Change, Cost Control, and Contraction: 1965-1990. Lines of Authority and the Modern Hospital. The Future of Hospitals: Will They Survive? The Influence of Technology. 12.Financing the Health-Care System. The Sociology of Health-Care Financing. Health-Care Costs: A Comparative Perspective. American Health-Care Costs: An Analysis. Who Pays for Health Care? The Insured and Uninsured. Financing the Health-Care System. Governmental Financial Support. Insurance Companies. The Blues. Health Maintenance Organizations. Out-of-Pocket Expenses. Charities. How Much Is Enough? Global Budgeting: The Allocation of Available Funds. Health-Care Rationing. 13.Health-Care Systems: A Comparison. The Importance of a Comparative Health-Care Systems Perspective. System Analysis: The Application of Models. Field's Typology. The Socio-Political Characteristics of Systems (Elling). Health Systems Components (Roemer). Health-Care System Analysis of Developed Nations. The United States. Canada. United Kingdom. Sweden. Germany. Other Industrialized Nations. Health-Care System Analysis of Former Eastern European Nations Russia. Czech Republic. Hungary. Poland. Yugoslavia. Health-Care System Analysis of Developing Nations. Cuba. Ghana. Mexico. 14.The Future of Medical Sociology. Medical Sociology: An Overview of Current Problems and Opportunities. The Future of Medical Sociology. The Changing Health-Care Community. An Emerging Area of Research and Social Policy Opportunity: Demographics, Economics, and Politics. Aging Populations: Current and Future Trends. The Relationship between Age, Sex, Race and Ethnicity, and Social Class. The Relationship between Age and Health. End-of-Life Decisions and Their Implications.

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