Transcriptional regulation by insulin: from the receptor to the geneThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special issue, entitled Second Messengers and Phosphoproteins—12th International Conference.
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Insulin, after binding to its receptor, regulates many cellular processes and the expression of several genes. For a subset of genes, insulin exerts a negative effect on transcription; for others, the effect is positive. Insulin controls gene transcription by modifying the binding of transcription factors on insulin-response elements or by regulating their transcriptional activities. Different insulin-signaling cascades have been characterized as mediating the insulin effect on gene transcription. In this review, we analyze recent data on the molecular mechanisms, mostly in the liver, through which insulin exerts its effect. We first focus on the key transcription factors (viz. Foxo, sterol-response-element-binding protein family (SREBP), and Sp1) involved in the regulation of gene transcription by insulin. We then present current information on the way insulin downregulates and upregulates gene transcription, using as examples of downregulation phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1) genes and of upregulation the fatty acid synthase and malic enzyme genes. The last part of the paper focuses on the signaling cascades activated by insulin in the liver, leading to the modulation of gene transcription.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.258 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it