Bibliographic record
Abstract
The paper examines the issue of tuition-free university education in Nigeria. I argue that the provision of educational facilities, the growth in enrolment at all levels, and the costs of sustaining tuition-free higher education in Nigeria place an unreasonable financial burden on the central government and have created a challenge to maintain reasonable standards and quality. The educational structures were established in the favorable international trade conditions of the 1970s and 1980s, patterns that no longer exist. Moreover, since private returns to investment in education at the secondary and tertiary levels are greater than the immediate social returns, I propose that Nigeria should re-orient its higher education systems from a completely subsidized system to one that is directed to greater cost recovery, including tuition and fees for services such as boarding and health care. Parents and guardians should bear the full financial cost of their children's higher education, although the National Education Bank, which succeeded the Students Loans Board, should make available loans and busaries to qualified and meritorious students.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".