Local food environments: food access in America

Introduction Kimberly B. Morland Defining Local Food Environments Food Retailing in the United States Food Consumption Trends in the United States Conceptual Models and Local Food Environments References U.S. Agricultural Policies and the U.S. Food Industry: Production to Retail Arlene Spark U.S. Government Oversight of Agriculture U.S. Farm Bill Overview and History of the Farm Bill U.S. Food Industry References Environmental Injustice Connects Local Food Environments with Global Food Production Steve Wing Environmental Injustice and Industrial Food Production Industrial Farm Animal Production Economic, Social, and Political Impacts of Industrial Animal Production References Geography of Local Food Environments: People and Places Kimberly B. Morland Environmental versus Individual Causes of Disease Racial Segregation in the United States Segregation and Area Resources Developing a Conceptual Model Measurement of Geographic Boundaries of Local Food Environments Measurement of Food Availability Evidence of Disparities in Access to Healthy Foods in the United States (1997-2013) References Local Food Environments and Dietary Intake Barbara A. Laraia, Bethany Hendrickson, and Yun T. Zhang Diet and Health Measuring Diet for Local Food Environment Research Food Environment Measures and Methods Association Between Diet and Food Prices and Quality School Environment External School Environment Summary and Conclusions References Local Food Environments and Diet-Related Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Local Food Environments, Body Weight, and Other Diet-Related Health Outcomes Shannon N. Zenk, Esther Thatcher, Margarita Reina, and Angela Odoms-Young Causal Conceptual Model Study Selection Evidence for Body Weight by Age Evidence for Other Health Outcomes Discussion Conclusions References Measurement and Analytical Issues Involved in the Estimation of the Effects of Local Food Environments on Health Behaviors and Health Outcomes Latetia V. Moore and Ana V. Diez-Roux Conceptual Models Study Design Measurement of the Local Food Environment Analytical Issues References Local Food Environments Outside of the United States-A Look to the North: Examining Food Environments in Canada Jennifer Black Introduction to Local Food Environments in Canada Local Food Environment Research in Canada Food Retailing in Canada Summary of Insights from the Canadian Literature Conclusions Appendix References State-Level Interventions: Pennsylvania's Fresh Food Financing Initiative Yael Lehmann, April White, Jordan Tucker, and Allison Karpyn Importance of Supermarkets Supermarket Campaign in Pennsylvania Creation and Implementation of Pennsylvania's Fresh Food Financing Initiative Impacts of Pennsylvania's Fresh Food Financing Initiative Scaling Up: Replication of the Food Trust Framework and Pennsylvania's Fresh Food Financing Initiative Comprehensive Approach to Improving Food Access References Ecological Approaches to Creating Healthy Local Food Environments in the United States: Push and Pull Forces Carol M. Devine and Jennifer L. Wilkins Objectives Ecological Framework: Multiple Levels of Action Approaches to Increasing Community Food Access Surveillance and Research Needs Going Further References Index

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