Bibliographic record
Abstract
Over recent years there have been isolated incidents of parental-spectator misconduct at minor hockey games that have received national media attention. To appreciate this social phenomenon in Canadian rinks, it is imperative to grasp the significance of the parent-child relationship to parent-spectatorship and the experienced emotions of parent-spectatorship. Located within a conceptual framework informed by theories of emotion (Lazarus, 1966, 1991, 1999; Weiner, 1977, 1980b, 1980a, 2006) and parent-child bond (Bowlby, 1982, 1999), this exploratory-based study delves further into the emotional experience encompassing parents' relationship with their children and the consequences it may have on spectator behaviour. Results indicate that participants encounter a multitude of emotions as a consequence of being both parent and spectator simultaneously. The present study also responds to an apparent lacuna of research currently investigating parent-spectator misconduct. In doing so it provides insights that may assist scholars and sport practitioners wishing to create safe and enjoyable environments for parents to watch their children engage in sport.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".