Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tubular Track is a ballastless trackform consisting of twin reinforced concrete beams laid on a specially designed formation and held in place with galvanised steel gauge spars. The problems associated with the progressive degradation of conventional track under repeated dynamic loading lead to loss of geometric stability, loss of resilience and pumping of the subgrade. Constant lifting of the track during ballast tamping operations result in very deep ballast profiles. Tubular Track was first installed at the President Brand Mine in South Africa. Since then it has been successfully installed on routes in freight lines in South Africa, the USA and Canada. Development work in 2002 resulted in the use of precast tubular modules replacing the in situ pumping of early applications. Proper foundations and drainage are critical factors. The continuous nature of Tubular Track and its higher inherent stiffness compared with conventional track allow localised soft spots to be bridged. Maintenance costs are reduced and rail stresses are lower than those in conventional track. Trials were conducted with Tubular Track at Spoornet's Track Testing Centre in Johannesburg.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.295 | 0.124 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".