Abnormal development of the diaphragm in mdx:MyoD-/-(9th) embryos leads to pulmonary hypoplasia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In vitro studies have shown that mechanical factors play an important role in cell cycle kinetics and cell differentiation of the lung through an unknown mechanochemical signal transduction pathway. In this study we evaluated the in vivo role of mechanical factors due to fetal breathing movements (primarily executed by the diaphragm, which is the main respiratory muscle) on lung growth and development by using genetically engineered embryos. Lung growth and development of wild-type, mdx:MyoD+/-(9th) (in which the diaphragm develops normally) and mdx:MyoD-/-(9th) (in which the diaphragm muscle is significantly thinned and not functional) embryos were compared at embryonic day 18.5 using immunohistochemistry, in vivo TUNEL detection and morphometry. No abnormalities in lung organogenesis were observed in mdx:MyoD+/-(9th) term embryos, whereas lung hypoplasia was detected in mdx:MyoD-/-(9th) embryos. In the hypoplastic lung, the number of proliferating lung cells was lower in comparison to the wild-type and mdx:MyoD+/-(9th) embryos, while the gradient of thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) was not maintained. Surprisingly, no difference was observed in distribution and occurrence of apoptotic lung cells in mdx:MyoD-/-(9th) embryos. Together, it appears that mechanical forces generated by contractile activity of the diaphragm muscle play an important role in normal lung growth and development by affecting cell proliferation and TTF-1 expression.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".