Providing the opportunity for self-determination : the development and validation of a survey
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose was to develop a valid and reliable survey to determine if physical educators provide students with opportunities for self-determination. It was based on the self-determination model of Wehmeyer et al. (1998) and interviews with four university professors and five physical educators. The survey was sent to 153 physical educators from Montreal and Halifax; a 63.4% return rate resulted. The most frequent aspect of self-determination included in their teaching was the opportunity to "develop a sense of belonging in the class", while "choice-making" was provided least frequently. Class size and inadequate resource material were the most detrimental barriers to self-determination. The temporal stability of the survey was .49 for the elements of self-determination and .84 for barriers to self-determination. Finally four physical education teachers were observed in gymnasium settings, two had scored high on self-determination and two had a low score. Systematic observation techniques revealed that their teaching was consistent with their survey score. It was concluded that the survey had sufficient reliability and validity to warrant further development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.083 | 0.081 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".