Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Northwest Passage, a waterway going through North America’s northern coast, is the focus of this article. Once considered to be completely impassable, receding Arctic ice is now pointing to a time before the end of the century when the Northwest Passage will be passable, at least during summer months. The possibility of an ice-free passage has increased the ownership and legal status dispute between the United States, Canada, and the European Union (EU). While Canada claims the Northwest Passage as part of its internal waters, the U.S. and EU argue that it is an international strait, subject only to international regulation. The dispute began in 1988, over differing interpretations of both customary international law and the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The author's detailed history of the dispute notes that its resolution has important implications for the U.S. Coast Guard. Should Canada prevail, laws could then be enacted to protect the waterway, effectively controlling access. International shipping traffic, including Coast Guard vessels, would then be subject to Canadian regulations in order to gain passage through the waterway. The author acknowledges that resolution will likely be difficult and may eventually involve an international court or arbitral tribunal. Moreover the end of the dispute would create an international maritime law precedent that will affect future disputes involving similar waterways, including the Torres Strait (claimed by Australia) and the Strait of Hormuz (claimed by Iran).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.060 | 0.032 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".