Postcranial Anatomy of Edmontosaurus regalis (Hadrosauridae) from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Edmontosaurus regalis is common in the latest Campanian deposits of Alberta, Canada, and is known from numerous articulated cranial specimens and isolated bonebed material. Despite its large sample size and long research history, only the cranial skeleton has been described in detail with little reference to postcrania, the majority of which remained unprepared at the time of its original description. This study presents the first full description of the postcrania of E. regalis based on CMN 2289, the paratype of the species. In addition, this study presents the most completely figured postcranial skeleton of a hadrosaurid to date. CMN 2289 preserves an almost complete dorsal vertebral column, along with a complete pelvis and almost complete set of limbs, which allows for comparisons with other hadrosaurids. Quantitative analyses of dorsal vertebral morphology reveal important variations within a single individual, with implications for phylogenetic character construction. There is an overall increase in the centrum height and width along the dorsal series, compared to an overall decrease in centrum length. A high amount of variation is noted in spine height along the dorsal series. Limb proportions in CMN 2289 between the distal and proximal limb segments, as well as between the forelimb and hindlimb, are similar to other hadrosaurids and suggest little ontogenetic variation. A revised body mass estimate of E. regalis is presented at 7963 kg, twice that proposed by previous studies and similar in size to its sister taxon, E. annectens.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".