Bibliographic record
Abstract
Like many transit agencies around the world, Calgary Transit faces an all too common issue in the industry known as the 'Empty Bus Syndrome' (EBS). Simply put, EBS refers to empty buses running at off-peak hours (or off-peak season) while being generally overcrowded at peak periods. Currently, articulated or additional single buses (and operators) are needed to serve spikes of demand during morning and afternoon commutes. At off-peak times, however, such additional capacity and personnel is rather underutilized, resulting in even bigger and more expensive buses running around empty. Therefore the issue of inflexibility of the bus fleet still remains. Although virtually unknown in North America, bus-train systems are becoming increasingly widespread in Europe as a viable, cost-efficient and environmentally friendly solution to capacity issues of current bus fleets. The concept is rather simple: a passenger trailer is attached or detached to a conventional bus depending on passenger volumes. As a result, no additional weight is carried, fuel consumption and costs are lower, and no relief buses or extra drivers are necessary. Currently, more than 30 municipalities in Europe are running some combination of bus-train systems with more than 40 trailers on the road. This paper aims to reintroduce the concept of bus-trains as an option worthy of further exploration amongst the array of higher capacity (HC) buses available in North America. For the covering abstract of this conference see ITRD record number 201309RT334E.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.117 | 0.035 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".