Bibliographic record
Abstract
The City of Calgary Municipal Handbook and Census of Canada ᇻᇼᇻThe phenomenon of urban sprawl in Canada and the United States has elicited considerable academic attention and discourse.Most studies are generally condemnatory, and focus on housing, transportation, and landuse issues, and on their negative economic, social, and environmental implications.In the United States, urban sprawl has been defined as the dominant issue in planning.2 Alain Bertaud and Harry Richardson argue that it would cost hundreds of billions of dollars and a 3,400 mile rail system to bring Atlanta's share of public transit to the level of that of Barcelona.3 European cities, however, are not immune.According to a report from the European Environment Agency, urban sprawl is now a serious problem threatening natural and rural environments.4 However, not all see urban sprawl as a major problem.To Michael Bruegmann, the term is not an objective reality legitimized by "an entire body of ideas and assumptions," but rather a cultural concept whose essence defies definition and whose study is distorted by outmoded evidence.5 In describing urban sprawl as "the latest chapter in a story as old as cities themselves," Bruegmann argues that cities are a series of diverse landscapes, ever changing and reformulating themselves.Regardless of Bruegmann's optimism, most observers, and this study, agree with the bleak definition offered by the Sierra Club in 2000 when it referred to urban sprawl as "scattered development that increases traffic, saps local resources and destroys open space."6 This case study focuses on Calgary, and in particular the two main architects whose shared beliefs, differences, and pragmatic interactions shaped the city's residential growth patterns.Though there were other Notes Chapter 1 1 Fred C. Lowes was Calgary's most important real estate entrepreneur in the boom years 1909-1912.His work in Roxborough and his aims for the Britannia area stamped him as the city's first developer.It would have been interesting to see how he would have developed and completed these subdivisions had he not gone bankrupt.For more details on Lowes, see Max Foran, "Fred Lowes: Booster Extraordinaire," Alberta History 37:2 (1989).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.029 | 0.048 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".