Use of EPS as a Lightweight Fill Material on the Port Mann/Highway 1 Improvement Project, Vancouver to Langley, BC
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As part of the design-build Port Mann / Highway 1 (PMH1) Improvement Project, 25 lightweight bridge embankments were designed and constructed using expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam. EPS embankments are typically used as an alternative to mineral fill embankments where the ground is soft and would require lengthy preloading to control post-construction settlements. This has made EPS embankments particularly attractive for design-build projects, where construction schedules are typically compressed and traditional methods of ground improvement are much less attractive. This paper provides three case studies that highlight the design features developed to address the unique characteristics of these sites. In the Burnaby Lake area in Burnaby, pile-supported EPS embankments replaced multiple bridge spans. At King Edward Street in Coquitlam, the rapid constructability of EPS embankments enabled a long curved bridge to be replaced by a much shorter straight bridge. At the 202nd Street Overpasses in Langley, ground liquefaction and slope stability challenges were overcome by using EPS embankments. In addition, several other applications of EPS used on the PMH1 Project are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".