Molecular and seasonal basis for freeze resistance in wolffish species (Anarhichas lupus, A. minor and their hybrids)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During winter, the coastal waters of Newfoundland can be considered a "freeze risk ecozone" for teleost fishes. The benthic Atlantic (Anarhichas lupus - AW) and spotted wolffish (A. minor - SW) reside at opposite ends of this ecozone, with the AW facing the greatest risk because of its shallower niche. To resist freezing, AW secretes five times the level of plasma antifreeze protein (AFP) activity than does SW. -- The main basis for this difference in plasma AFP levels is gene dosage, as AW has approximately three times more AFP genes than SW. Perhaps as a result, AFP transcript levels in liver (the primary source of circulating AFP's) are several times higher in AW. One explanation for these gene and transcript dosage differences is the presence of tandemly arrayed AFP gene repeats in AW that make up two-thirds of its AFP gene pool. Such repeats are not present in SW. AW and SW diverged from a common ancestor at a time when the ebb and flow of northern glaciations would have resulted in the emergence of "freeze risk ecozones". The duplication/amplification of AFP genes in a subpopulation of ancestral wolffish would have facilitated the exploitation of this high risk habitat, resulting in the divergence and evolution of modem day AW and SW species. -- Investigations on artificially produced AW/SW hybrids showed that all the AFP genes of SW are likely shared with AW, which supports recent gene amplification as an impetus for speciation. The high dynamism of the AW AFP locus (through high variability in dosage and organisation) was best visualized in the single haplotype inherited by the hybrids. Their intermediate levels of plasma AFPs make these fish unfit for survival within the shallowest part of the "freeze risk ecozone". -- While the total levels of AFP gene transcripts varied little from winter to summer in both species (especially in the liver), differential expression of members of the two subfamilies of type III AFPs, the SP- and QAE-type genes (appellation based on the ion-exchange Sephadex resins to which each type of isoform binds), was observed. While the expression of the QAE-type transcripts was ubiquitous (both temporally and spatially), that of the SP-type genes seemed to show some level of tissue specificity, which highlights the complex evolutionary history of these genes.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".