Bibliographic record
Abstract
Previous studies of the elasticity of West Coast container port traffic to increases in gateway costs have concluded that traffic is highly sensitive to cost increases. However, the major change in West Coast container port market shares has been the upward trend in the market share of the BC Lower Mainland ports (now combined as Port Metro Vancouver) from 9% in 2002 to 11% in 2011. This is difficult to reconcile with a high elasticity since the Canadian dollar increased by 36% against the U.S. dollar over this period, which led to higher port and inland transportation costs relative to US ports for Pacific Rim import traffic. The impact of exchange rate changes is explored through a regression analysis of Canadian Pacific Rim imports and port market shares. The results indicate that while the appreciation of the Canadian dollar had a negative impact on Lower Mainland container traffic, the effect was outweighed by increases in import volumes due to the reduction in the prices of imported goods. Estimates of Canadian Pacific Rim imports transhipped through US ports suggest that the share of US ports in Canadian traffic increased substantially over this period as a result of higher relative inland transportation costs. The paper highlights the influence of the differential impacts of changes in macroeconomic variables on port competitiveness.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".