Aging Demographics in Medium-Sized Cities: Case Study of Travel Behavior in Kamloops, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In western countries, the imminent aging of the baby boomer generation will have significant impacts on the function and sustainability of transportation systems. While the demographic shift of larger cities will be mitigated by the in-migration of younger residents, smaller cities will experience a sharper increase in median age due to the out-migration of younger residents. This outlook, coupled with the existing auto-oriented culture in medium-sized cities, presents a unique set of transportation sustainability challenges for smaller communities. In the Canadian context, the effects of the aging demographic on transportation demand have received surprisingly little attention, and, though the demographic change will be most pronounced in smaller cities, the existing literature is focused on large cities. Given this, this paper serves to research the effects of age on travel behavior in the medium sized city of Kamloops, British Columbia. From the city’s household travel survey data, it is found that significant travel behavior differences exist between different age cohorts. The empirical behavior analysis is supplemented with the city’s population projections for each age cohort to demonstrate the future transportation impacts of the aging demographics. Though transit ridership in the city is lacking and an increase in older residents is shown to perpetuate this problem, the analysis indicates that the city is well positioned to push for increasing active mode shares into the future.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.010 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".