Revision of the Jumping Spiders of the Genus Phidippus (Araneae: Salticidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The genus Phidippus now consists of 60 species which are naturally distributed in continental North America from Alaska to Costa Rica, the Bahamas, Bermuda, and the Greater Antilles. Two species have been introduced outside their natural ranges, P. audax into Nicobar, Hawaii, and southern California, and P. regius into Easter Island. Of the 48 North American species most recently recognized, the following 36 names are considered to represent valid species: P. adumbratus, P. apacheanus, P. ardens, P. arizonensis, P. asotus, P. audax, P. bidentatus, P. borealis, P. californicus, P. cardinalis, P. carneus, P. carolinensis, P. clarus, P. comatus, P. concinnus, P. cruentus, P. georgii, P. insignarius, P. johnsoni, P. mystaceus, P. nikites, P. octopunctatus, P. otiosus, P. pius, P. princeps, P. pruinosus, P. pulcherrimus, P. purpuratus, P. putnami, P. regius, P. texanus, P. toro, P. tux, P. tyrrelli, P. whitmani, P. workmani. In addition, one species is resurrected from synonymy: P. albulatus (from P. tyrrelli). The following 23 New Species are described, all from the western United States and/or Mexico, except for the two species indicated from elsewhere: P. adonis, P. amans, P. aureus, P. boei, P. cerberus, P. cryptus (Canada - U.S. border), P. dianthus, P. felinus, P. kastoni, P. lynceus, P. maddisoni, P. mimicus, P. morpheus, P. olympus, P. phoenix, P. pompatus, P. richmani (Florida), P. tigris, P. tyrannus, P. ursulus, P. venus, P. vexans, P. zethus. The following New Synonyms are created, Nomena Nova rejected, a Nomen Oblitum declared, and incorrectly synonymized unused senior synonyms (post-1899) proposed for suppression: P. bardus Peckham & Peckham 1901 and P. ferrugineous Scheffer 1904 (petition to suppress both) with P. apacheanus Chamberlin & Gertsch 1929; P. obscurus Peckham & Peckham 1888 with P. arizonensis (Peckham & Peckham 1883); P. togatus C.L.Koch 1846, P. electus C.L.Koch 1846 (removed from synonymy with P. purpuratus), P. mexicanus Peckham & Peckham 1888, Philaeus farneus Peckham & Peckham 1888, Phidippus howardii Peckham & Peckham 1896, and Megatimus severus Thorell 1891 with P. audax (Hentz 1845); P. foveolatus F. O. P. C. 1901, Dendryphantes (Phidippus) chilamae Kraus 1955, and Dendryphantes (Phidippus) lyratus Kraus 1955 with P. bidentatus F. O. P. C. 1901; P. coccineus Peckham & Peckham 1909 and Dendryphantes graciosus Roewer 1951 (Nomen Novum) with P. californicus Peckham & Peckham 1901; Attus rufus Hentz 1846, Attus m’cookii Peckham & Peckham 1883, and P. aureopilosus F. O. P. C. 1901 with P. cardinalis (Hentz 1845); P. montivagus Peckham & Peckham 1901 (removed from synonymy with P. tyrrelli) and P. reederi Gertsch & Riechert 1976 with P. carneus Peckham & Peckham 1896; P. testaceus C.L.Koch 1846 (petition to suppress), Attus flavus Peckham & Peckham 1883 (Nomen Oblitum), and P. homarinus Cockerell 1924 (Nomen Novum) with P. clarus Keyserling 1885; P. femoratus Peckham & Peckham 1909 and Dendryphantes consimilis Roewer 1951 (Nomen Novum) with P. comatus Peckham & Peckham 1901; P. pix Pinter 1970 with P. cruentus F. O. P. C. 1901; P. brunneus F. O. P. C. 1901 (preoccupied) and Dendryphantes deceptus Petrunkevitch 1911 (Nomen Novum) with P. georgii Peckham & Peckham 1896; P. auctus C.L.Koch 1846 with P. insignarius C.L.Koch 1846; P. carolinus C.L.Koch 1846 and P. dorsalis Bryant 1942 with P. otiosus (Hentz 1846); Dendryphantes (Phidippus) diabolus Kraus 1955 and P. volcanus Gertsch & Riechert 1976 with P. pius Scheffer 1906; Attus insolens Hentz 1845 and Phidippus castrensis C.L.Koch 1846 (petition to suppress both) with P. princeps (Peckham & Peckham 1883); P. purpurifer C.L.Koch 1846 (removed from synonymy with P. audax) and P. tullgreni Wallace 1950 with P. regius C.L.Koch 1846; P. pogonopus Chamberlin 1925 and P. kaibabensis Gertsch 1934 with P. tyrrelli Peckham & Peckham 1901; P. paludatus C.L.Koch 1846 and Phiale modesta C.L.Koch 1846 (petition to suppress both) with P. whitmani Peckham & Peckham 1909; P. xeros Edwards 1978 with P. workmani Peckham & Peckham 1901. Species whose types are lost or destroyed and descriptions insufficient for recognition are designated or confirmed as Nomena Dubia, including the following names of Walckenaer (1837): Attus cinereus, A. dissimulator, A. excubitor, A. explorater, A. fraudulentus, A. infestus, A. insidiosus, A. investigator, A. latus, A. morsitans, A. multivagus, A. pileatus, A. pilosus, A. purpurarius, A. rimator, A. sagax, A. scrutator, A. signatus, A. tridentiger; A. nuttallii, A. podagrosus, A. rupicola (all Hentz 1846); Phidippus arrogans C.L.Koch 1846; Attus sinister Hentz 1850; Phidippus coloradensis Thorell 1877; Attus formosus Peckham & Peckham 1883; and Phidippus translatus Peckham & Peckham 1901. Lectotypes are designated for: Attus arizonensis Peckham & Peckham 1883, Phidippus albomaculatus Keyserling 1885, P. borealis Banks 1895, P. comatus Peckham & Peckham 1901, P. obscurus Peckham & Peckham 1888, P. multiformis Emerton 1891, P. pruinosus Peckham & Peckham 1909, P. texanus Banks 1906, P. tuberculatus F.O.P.C. 1901, and the following species described by C.L.Koch (1846): P. alchymista, P. dubiosus, P. mundulus, P. personatus, P. purpurifer, P. smaragdifer, and P. testaceus. Two Nomena Nuda are declared. The females of P. adumbratus, P. asotus, and P. tux, and the male of P. pulcherrimus, are described for the first time. The genus Paraphidippus is removed from synonymy with the genus Eris. Nine species are returned to Paraphidippus [P. aurantius (Lucas 1833), P. disjunctus (Banks 1898), P. fartilis (Peckham & Peckham 1888), P. funebris (Banks 1898), P. inermis F.O.P.C. 1901, P. laniipes F.O.P.C. 1901, P. luteus (Peckham & Peckham 1896), P. mexicanus (Peckham & Peckham 1888), P. nigropilosus (Banks 1898)]. The following New Combinations are created from species incorrectly described in Phidippus: Paraphidippus basalis (Banks 1904), Paraphidippus fulgidus (C.L. Koch 1846), Paraphidippus fuscipes (C.L. Koch 1846), Paraphidippus incontestus (Banks 1909), and Gastromicans tesselatus (C.L.Koch 1846). Eris rufa (C.L.Koch 1846) [described as Plexippus rufus], New Combination, is a senior synonym of Paraphidippus pineus Kaston 1945, New Synonymy.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".