Hydrology and Biogeochemistry of a Bog-Fen-Tributary Complex in the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Ontario, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Hudson Bay Lowlands (HBL) contains 26 Gt C sequestered in a 2 meter thick layer of peat which blankets a quarter of Ontario, Canada. The hydrological and chemical influence of the HBL peatlands to surface waters is recognized, but information on peatland runoff processes and the evolution of groundwater through this vast, carbon-rich landscape remain scant. This study focused on elucidating the groundwater flow patterns of a bog-fen-tributary complex in the central region of the HBL, and estimating exports of groundwater, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total (THg), and methyl (MeHg) mercury during the 2011 ice-free season. Hydrometric data, combined with ions and stable water isotopes, reveal lateral flows in the uppermost meter of peat dominate the bulk transfer of groundwater in the bog (73-137 mm) and fen (55-131 mm). The direction and magnitude of the measured vertical gradients in the bog (-0.2 to 0.1) and fen (-0.1 to 0.2) are dictated by water table position and micro-to-mesoscale topography. The seasonal exports of DOC from the bog and fen are small, and comprise 5.4% (2.0±0.3 g C m-2 yr-1) and 1.4% (0.5±0.1 g C m-2 yr-1) of the Net Ecosystem Carbon Balance, respectively. Exports of THg and MeHg from the bog (132.9±45.4 and 3.4±2.8 ng m-2 yr-1) and fen (50.0±8.4 and 1.9±1.2 ng m-2 yr-1) are lower than reported in other boreal wetlands. The swamp and thicket riparian zone between the ribbed fen and tributary appears to influence the quality of water and augment solute concentrations of the water in small surface flows that flow directly into the nearby second-order stream.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".