Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For nearly all of its four and a half billion years of existence, the Earth's environment has followed a path and pace of change affected much less by human activities than by other, much larger, natural forces. Humans began having an impact a few thousand years ago through such activities as the slash and burn gardens in the tropics and the burning of grasslands by hunter/gatherer societies prior to forest clearing for agriculture in temperate regions. In the past few hundred years, however, burgeoning human populations and their activities in all parts of the globe have greatly increased the scale of impact. The goal of this chapter is to examine the period prior to the advent of widespread human effects on the Earth's environment, especially factors important to plants and the roles they play in the biosphere. For the first half billion years or so after it began forming, the Earth was shaped and reshaped by physical and chemical forces alone. Around 3.8 billion years before the present (BP), the outer crust , which formed as the Earth cooled sufficiently to form a solid, unbroken surface layer, cracked into a number of massive plates floating on a deeper mantle of molten rock. Ever since, these tectonic plates on which the continents are carried have continued to move from place to place at the Earth's surface and, at their edges, to sink beneath one another into the hot mantle below, a process called subduction .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.046 | 0.011 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".