Bibliographic record
Abstract
Researchers have reported that people in many professions (e.g., professional athletes, coaches, law enforcement officers, family physicians and surgeons) commonly employ mental imagery and find it to be a useful aid when completing the behaviours common to their profession (Hall, 2001; Jedlic, Hall, Munroe-Chandler, & Hall, 2007; Edwards, Sadoski, & Burdenski, 2005). Recently researchers have encouraged the investigation of mental imagery use among physical educators (Hall & Fishburne, 2010). However, there has been no research to date on mental imagery use by physical education teachers. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the use of mental imagery by those who teach physical education. Bandura’s (1986) Social Cognitive Theory and Paivio’s Analytic Framework of Mental Imagery (1985) were used as a foundation for this research. Consequently, this research focused on the teaching behaviours and self-regulatory behaviours of physical educators, and the possible use of the cognitive and motivational functions of mental imagery to aid in these behaviours. A basic qualitative study methodology (Merriam, 2009) was employed as a means of completing this investigation. Fifteen teachers who specialized in teaching physical education at the middle or secondary school grade level participated in this research. A convenience sample of participants was recruited from schools in both Alberta and Ontario using the snowball sampling effect (Patton, 1990). The participants varied in gender, age, years of teaching experience, grade(s) presently taught, and gender of students taught. Each physical education teacher who participated in the study completed a one-on-one semi-structured interview, as well as, a short demographic questionnaire. Following data collection thematic coding of the data was completed. The results demonstrated that the physical education teachers in the present study were employing mental imagery to aid in many of the teaching behaviours and self-regulatory behaviours that are common in their profession. In addition, the participants indicated that they used the cognitive function of mental imagery more commonly than the motivational function of mental imagery. Furthermore, most of the participants perceived mental imagery to be a beneficial skill, and yet the use of mental imagery by the participants was completely unstructured (i.e., never planned). These results have potential implications for both present physical education teachers and also physical education teacher education programs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".