Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work investigates the potential of converting one of the lignocellulosic biomass components, lignin, into value-added bio-products using microwave pyrolysis (MWP). To achieve this objective, a multi-step process was devised and accomplished. First, temperature profiles within a material exposed to electromagnetic waves (EMW) were predicted using a three dimensional mathematical model. Second, an original microwave-thermo gravimetric analyzer (MW-TGA) was designed and built for kinetic purposes, and the kinetics of MWP were investigated in contrast to conventional pyrolysis (CP). Third, a detailed structural investigation of a bio-oil produced from of kraft lignin using MWP was discussed at various conditions. Finally, a kinetic modeling of the MWP products from kraft lignin was achieved quantitatively, as well as qualitatively. In the first step, a three-dimensional mathematical model was created to simulate temperature profiles inside a material exposed to EMW at 2.45 GHz. COMSOL-Multiphysics applications were used to simulate transient temperature profiles of pinewood, carbon, Pyrex, and combinations of these materials under different conditions. The predicted results were compared against the experimental data in order to validate the presented model. The key conclusions of this study show that microwave heating (MWH) leads to non-uniform distribution of temperature due to material penetration depth (Dp) and surface heat loss. However, limiting the dimensions of the exposed material to twice the Dp and placing strong thermal insulation on the surface significantly minimize temperature gradients. The locations of materials which are strong or weak microwave-to-heat convertors can be manipulated to create desired hot or cold zones inside the heated material, which leads to specific temperature profiles. In addition, the homogenous mixing of a material strong microwave-to-heat converter with the payload exhibits a significant increase in temperature, compared to the virgin material exposed to the same power and heating time. This study aims at improving the understanding of temperature profiles within composite materials subjected to MWH, as well as developing approaches to influence/control temperature profiles through material selection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".