Bibliographic record
Abstract
For many years, most railway networks have carried both passenger and freight services with usually more importance placed on one or the other depending on the travel market in the industrialised countries. Privatisation of national rail companies in Japan and Great Britain has generated separate passenger and freight companies, although most railways, especially in Europe, operate both, although a demarcation has to be made between passenger and freight business otherwise a combination of the types of traffic can lead to heavy losses. It is shown that dedicated railways, whether passenger or freight, have become the most prosperous in the world. The article suggests that rail freight should become more or less independent in order to expand such as in the US where large freight companies hold a 40% market share and make a profit at no cost to the taxpayer. The same situation is seen in Canada, Mexico and South America. In Europe, where railways operate both types of traffic market, share of freight traffic has dropped to 14% whereas in Britain passenger traffic has grown by 30% and freight by a third in five years. The author discusses rail services in different countries and presents the case for a separation of freight and passenger services.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".