Corrosion of Alloy 316 SCWO Reactor Tubing in Ammoniacal Sulfate Solution
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A bench-top supercritical water reactor was constructed for the purposes of conducting corrosion and fouling experiments. The reactor’s austenitic 316 stainless steel tubing was exposed to ammoniacal ammonium sulfate solution under supercritical water oxidation conditions to a maximum temperature of 500°C at 3600 PSI. Despite an initial pH of 10 at 25°C, the oxidizing ammoniacal solution led to severe alloy degradation within less than 40 minutes of exposure. Corrosion rates are estimated to be on the order of 140 to 560 mm.yr-1. The reactor tubing was sectioned and the corrosion morphology and oxide composition was analyzed. Homogeneous oxide films which were formed at lower temperatures appeared to thin between 350 and 400°C. A bi-layered inner chromium and outer iron oxide formed at temperatures between 110 and 310°C. At temperatures above 400°C the oxide appeared to be mostly chromium oxide. The results of the morphological analysis were compared to effluent analyses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".