Interstellar matter and star formation in W5-E
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aims. We identify the young stellar objects (YSOs) present in the vicinity of the W5-E H ii region, and study the influence of this H ii region on the star formation process in its surrounding molecular material. Methods. W5-E has been observed with the Herschel-PACS and -SPIRE photometers, as part of the HOBYS key program; maps have been obtained at 100 μm, 160 μm, 250 μm, 350 μm, and 500 μm. The dust temperature and column density have been obtained by fitting spectral energy distributions (SEDs). Point sources have been detected and measured using PSF photometry with DAOPHOT. Results. The dust temperature map shows a rather uniform temperature, in the range 17.5 K−20 K in the dense condensations or filaments, in the range 21 K−22 K in the photodissociation regions (PDRs), and in the range 24 K−31 K in the direction of the ionized regions. The values in the column density map are rather low, everywhere lower than 1023 cm-2, and of the order of a few 1021 cm-2 in the PDRs. About 8000 M⊙ of neutral material surrounds the ionized region, which is low with respect to the volume of this H ii region; we suggest that the exciting stars of the W5-E, W5-W, Sh 201, A and B H ii regions formed along a dense filament or sheet rather than inside a more spherical cloud. Fifty point sources have been detected at 100 μm. Most of them are Class 0/I YSOs. The SEDs of their envelopes have been fitted using a modified blackbody model. These envelopes are cold, with a mean temperature of 15.7 ± 1.8 K. Their masses are in the range 1.3 M⊙–47 M⊙. Eleven of these point sources are candidate Class 0 YSOs. Twelve of these point sources are possibly at the origin of bipolar outflows detected in this region. None of the YSOs contain a massive central object, but a few may form a massive star as they have both a massive envelope and also a high envelope accretion rate. Most of the Class 0/I YSOs are observed in the direction of high column density material, for example in the direction of the massive condensations present at the waist of the bipolar Sh 201 H ii region or enclosed by the bright-rimmed cloud BRC14. The overdensity of Class 0/I YSOs on the borders of the H ii regions present in the field strongly suggests that triggered star formation is at work in this region but, due to insufficient resolution, the exact processes at the origin of the triggering are difficult to determine.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".