Bibliographic record
Abstract
Oil sand has become an important part of the Canadian economy. It is also a natural, toxic substance. Bitumen and clay suspensions are discussed in context of their position in the biogeochemical carbon and rock cycles, respectively. In the first section, bitumen is described as a product of soil organic matter matured over geological history affected by microbial and environmental conditions. Biological moieties have been preserved intact inside asphaltene-maltene complexes due to the fact that bitumen is fossilized soil or sedimentary organic matter. Therefore the biodegradation of bitumen by common soil biodegrading enzymes is demonstrated using Lipase, for lipid fats, and Cellulase, which degrades the most abundant photosynthetically produced polysaccharide biomass on earth cellulose. These enzymes are able to hydrolytically release biomolecular fragments from bitumen, refluxing them back into the biosphere and carbon cycle. In the second section, similarly to how sedimentary minerals metamorphosize naturally, mature fine tailings (MFT) is geopolymerized to produce a metamorphic, hydrated zeolite solid. MFT samples in tanks were mixed with 1 kg KOH 1 kg K2SiO3/m3 Raw MFT and shown to solidify after 20 days, demonstrating better performance than many competing remediation techniques. In general it is demonstrated that naturalistic methods for oil sand remediation may be possible because oil sand is a natural geological product of aquatic ecosystems.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".