Shallow Groundwater Quality in Alberta (Canada) with a Focus on the Occurrence of Nitrate and Methane
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study characterized the hydrogeochemistry and redox state of shallow groundwater (< 150 mbgs) in Alberta, with a focus on the occurrence of nitrate and methane. Chemical analyses of > 60,000 groundwater samples collected from landowner wells (part of the Alberta Health Services dataset) were interpreted revealing a dominance of geochemically evolved groundwater (56%, Na-HCO3) and overall highly reducing redox conditions (72%) favourable to denitrification. Redox conditions favourable to the formation and persistence of methane were found in 43% of all samples. Over 31% of the groundwater samples had detectable nitrate concentrations with 9.7% of these samples (3.1% of total samples) exceeding Health Canada’s health-based maximum acceptable concentration of 45 mg NO3/L. Additionally, it was observed that samples exceeded the Health Canada aesthetic objective for total dissolved solids, sodium, sulphate, and chloride in 79%, 61%, 9.4%, and 3.2% of samples, respectively
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".