Petrophysics, carbon dioxide sequestration, and storage potential of Montney Formation’s shale oil and shale gas pools, with implications for enhanced hydrocarbon recovery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Storage of carbon dioxide in depleted shale reservoirs represents a great opportunity to mitigate climate change events by offsetting part of the CO₂ emissions from the energy sector. The Montney Formation is a widely developed, low porosity and permeability unconventional shale oil and gas reservoir in northeastern British Columbia and western Alberta. Due to existing midstream infrastructure, it is an ideal candidate for CO₂ sequestration, which can potentially be coupled with CO₂-enhanced hydrocarbon recovery (EHR). This thesis investigates the potential to store carbon dioxide within representative Montney shale oil and gas pools, and coupling CO₂ sequestration with EHR. The Montney Formation is primarily composed of quartz and dolomite, although their relative abundances are spatially and stratigraphically variable. Clay content (< 20 wt.%) is comprised of exclusively non-swelling clays, and organic matter is found in trace amounts (< 5 wt.%). Exposure to supercritical CO₂-rich water has a negligible impact on mineral abundances, with only notable changes in calcite and dolomite wt.%. Apparent supercritical CO₂ matrix permeability, ranging between 3.45×10⁻⁴ to 4.07×10⁻² mD, is greater than the apparent gas and liquid CO₂ permeabilities. The higher apparent matrix permeability to supercritical CO₂ compared to the gas or liquid phase is attributed to the properties of the supercritical phase and the higher molecular kinetic energy, which promotes slip flow on the pore walls. The low permeability of the Montney Formation, coupled with the high capillary entry pressure, ensures that the injected CO₂ will be contained within the formation with insignificant leakage risks. Carbon dioxide storage capacities vary among investigated Montney pools. The Northern Montney pool has a significant storage capacity but exhibits poor reservoir properties for CO₂ storage compared to the Kakwa and Waskahigan Montney pools. Exploiting CO₂ injection for enhanced hydrocarbon recovery provides an opportunity to support more carbon-neutral hydrocarbon production with subsequent CO₂ storage. Supercritical CO₂ and a propane/butane (C₃/C₄) hydrocarbon mixture prove effective in recovering liquid hydrocarbons, with the C₃/C₄ mixture outperforming CO₂ at early Huff and Puff cycles and at heavy hydrocarbon mobilization. Supercritical CO₂ remains a viable recovery agent, recovering between 70 and 90% of the hydrocarbons in place.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".