Genetic Diversity Analysis of Wild and Artificially Bred Blue Populations in Symphysodon aequifasciatus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
【Objective】The study was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity of Symphysodon aequifasciatus, analyze the kinship and the genetic differences of a wild population and two artificially bred blue populations, identify candidate genomic regions and loci associated with body color, and provide references for the formulation of classification system of discus fish.【Method】Whole-genome resequencing was conducted on 9 individuals from the wild population (WF), 8 individuals from the solid blue population (BF) and 10 individuals from the albino blue population (ABF), respectively. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci were obtained to calculate population genetic diversity indices, analyze population genetic structure, and perform selective sweep analysis between populations. The candidate SNPs were validated by considering SNP annotation and mutation rates combined with PCR and Sanger sequencing.【Result】A total of 1 360 293 SNPs are identified among the 3 Symphysodon aequifasciatus populations. Genetic diversity, as measured by PIC, Pi, Ho, and He, indicates a decreasing trend from the wild population to the solid blue and albino blue populations, with low heterozygosity in the selected populations. Phylogenetic tree, population structure analysis, and principal component analysis of polymorphic loci all indicate that the three populations are independent of each other and cluster within themselves. Linkage disequilibrium decay analysis indicates that the albino blue population is under significant selection pressure, followed by the solid blue population. The result of population selective sweep based on the population differentiation index (FST) and nucleotide polymorphism (Pi) reveals strong selection signals in large regions of chromosomes 3, 12, 13, 18, and 20 in the solid blue population and chromosomes 1, 16, 18, and 19 in the albino blue population. Thirteen and nine candidate SNPs are identified in the solid blue and albino blue populations, respectively.【Conclusion】The genetic diversity of the 3 Symphysodon aequifasciatus populations is relatively low, and the genetic relationships are consistent with the process of artificial breeding. USP43, FGFR2, DENND4, and MLL1 genes may be closely related to the body color formation of Symphysodon aequifasciatus.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".