Biological response in a changing ocean environment in Newfoundland waters during the latter decades of the 1900s
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ocean temperatures on the Newfoundland Shelf during the past several decades have experienced near-decadal oscillations superimposed on a general downward trend. In particular, the decade of the 1990s has experienced some of the most significant variations since measurements began during the mid-1940s. Ocean temperatures, for example, have ranged from record low values during 1991 to record highs during 1999 in many areas, particularly on the Grand Bank of Newfoundland. Coincident with the trends in ocean climate many commercial fish species have shown changes in abundance, particularly during the decade of the 1990s. Recruitment in Newfoundland cod stocks, for example, has declined almost steadily since the 1960s, reaching historical low values by the early 1990s. During the cold early 1990s, with fishing moratoria in place, recruitment continued to decline. However, by 1995, ocean temperatures began to warm and the pelagic ecosystem responded, with the biomass of invertebrate zooplankton increasing by a factor of 2 from the early to late 1990s. This was followed by a sharp increase in the nekton biomass during the late 1990s, although this increase lagged that observed in the zooplankton. We conclude that the observed decline in cod recruitment since the late 1960s was due to a declining spawning-stock biomass caused in part by a deteriorating ocean environment. Furthermore, the subsequent increase in the abundance of pelagic organisms observed during the latter half of the 1990s is consistent with the expected biological response to changes in the physical ocean environment.Article from Marine Science Symposia Vol. 219 - "Hydrobiological variability in the ICES Area, 1990-1999", symposium held in Edinburgh, 8-10 August 2001. To access the remaining articles please click on the keyword "MSS Vol. 219".
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".