Persistence of Shocks on Environmental Degradation in Oil-Exporting Countries: Implications for Environmental Policymaking
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate policy shocks to the ecological footprints of 33 oil-exporting countries for the period 1961-2017. For this purpose, we apply the panel stationarity tests with both sharp and smooth breaks developed by Bahmani-Oskooee et al. (2014) and Carrion-i-Silvestre et al. (2005) to test the persistence of shocks on environmental degradation. The overall results suggest that shocks to the ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental degradation in oil-exporting countries have temporary effects. In other words, the ecological footprint under the two assumptions of long-term homogeneous variance and long-term heterogeneous variance has a mean-reverting behavior. The results of the univariate test also reveal that the ecological footprint is stationary at a 10% significance level for all oil-exporting countries except Canada, Congo, Egypt, Indonesia, and Iran. This implies that policymakers should design effective long-run policies to reduce the ecological footprint in these countries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".