Market Openness and Geographical Concentration of Agricultural and Agro-Food Activities: The Challenges for French regions./L'ouverture Du Marche et la Concentration Geographique Des Activites Agricoles et Agro-Alimentaires: Les Defis Pour Les Regions Francaises
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The aim of this article is to analyze the impact of market openness on the geographical concentration of agricultural and agro-food activities between various regions of France. Production which is the most exposed to international competition tends to be concentrated between regions. In prospective terms, the increasing openness of markets seems to lead to geographical concentration of activities, with products which benefit particularly from the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) being especially sensitive to this phenomenon. Resume > L'Union europeenne doit operer une ouverture croissante de son marche dans le domaine agricole et agro-alimentaire. La protection tarifaire aux frontieres europeennes a diminue de 30 % entre 1995 et 2002 pour les produits agricoles et de 41% pour les produits alimentaires. Les negociations du cycle de Doha risquent d'accentuer ce processus d'ouverture. L'objet de cet article est d'analyser, d'un point de vue empirique, l'incidence de l'ouverture du marche europeen sur les structures productives des regions francaises et plus precisement sur la concentration geographique des activites agricoles et agro-alimentaires entre ces regions. Nous apprehendons une question d'economie internationale--l'incidence de la baisse de la protection des marches--dans une dimension regionale. Suite aux accords de Marrakech, pour la periode 1995-2002, il apparait que les productions qui sont les plus exposees a la concurrence internationale tendent a se concentrer geographiquement entre les regions. Ce mouvement est particulierement marque pour les produits qui sont fortement soutenus par la Politique Agricole Commune. En terme prospectif, l'ouverture croissante des marches concourrait a la concentration geographique des activites, les produits fortement soutenus par la Politique Agricole Commune etant particulierement sensibles a ce phenomene. Au dela de ces resultats, notre analyse montre que les effets observes ne relevent pas uniquement d'effets sectoriels, mais aussi de dynamiques economiques propres aux regions. ********** The Doha round of trade negotiations has, for the WTO, confirmed the liberalization of agricultural and food markets which began at the Uruguay Round. This process of openness, which has been in motion since the Marrakech agreements of 1994, has already led to a significant decline in tariff protection at European borders. Thus, it declined by 30% for agricultural products and by 41% for food products between 1995 and 2002. (1) At the same time, export subsidies, which have already decreased significantly, should be completely discontinued by 2013. Even if trade policy is common to all countries in the European customs union, (2) free trade can have differing distributive impacts in different regions. Traditionally, studies in international economics analyze the incidence of openness in terms of markets or countries, without taking into account the diverse nature of production systems, or, consequently, redistributive effects between regions within economic areas. While this liberalization should, in theory, lead to better allocation of resources, it should not obscure the costs of adjustment at both the sectoral and regional level. The aim of this article is to analyze the incidence of European market openness on agricultural and agro-food production structures in French regions from an empirical point of view. The study therefore lies at the boundary between international and regional economics. More specifically, we examine an issue from international economics--the incidence of market protection decrease--in terms of its regional implications. Theoretical work demonstrates that openness has an impact on trade structures and distribution of activities between regions. …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".