Bibliographic record
Abstract
Genus Spirodela SCHLEID. Text-fig. 4a–d M a t e r i a l. USNM PAL 624518, 625611, 768304. L o c a l i t i e s. Dakin and Spring. D e s c r i p t i o n. Plants with elliptical fronds 1.1– 3.9 mm long, 1.5–2.5 mm wide; prophylla present, 0.8– 1.1 mm long, 1.1–1.4 mm wide; brown pigment cells present. The presence of large prophylla and brown pigment cells places these plants within Spirodela (Armstrong 2021). Prophylla are absent in Lemna L. and reduced in Landoltia LES et D.J. CRAWFORD (Armstrong 2021). We interpret the brown, circular dots that are concentrated near the prophylla and more dispersed in the distal portion of the leaves as brown pigment cells. Brown pigment cells are absent in Lemna but present in Spirodela (Armstrong 2021). Spirodela was described from the Paleocene of Alberta and Saskatchewan (Dawson 1875, Berry 1935, McIver and Basinger 1993) and the middle Eocene of Wyoming (MacGinitie 1974), but these fossils were subsequently transferred to the extinct araceous genus Limnobiophyllum KRASSILOV (Kvaček 1995, Stockey et al. 1997).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.036 | 0.017 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".