Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ursus americanus Pallas 1780 Ursus americanus Pallas 1780, Spicil. Zool., 14: 5. Type Locality: Not given. In Pallas' (1780) description, he refered to Brickell (1737) who implied North Carolina (USA) by stating they "are very common in this province." Palmer (1904) listed the locality as "eastern North America". Vernacular Names: American Black Bear. Subspecies:: Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. americanus Pallas 1780 Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. altifrontalis Elliot 1903 Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. amblyceps Baird 1859 Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. californiensis Miller 1900 Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. carlottae Osgood 1901 Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. cinnamomum Audubon and Bachman 1854 Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. emmonsii Dall 1895 Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. eremicus Merriam 1904 Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. floridanus Merriam 1896 Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. hamiltoni Cameron 1957 Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. kermodei Hornaday 1905 Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. luteolus Griffith 1821 Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. machetes Elliot 1903 Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. perniger J. A. Allen 1910 Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. pugnax Swarth 1911 Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. vancouveri Hall 1928 Distribution: Canada, Mexico (N Nayarit and S Tamaulipas), USA. Conservation: CITES – Appendix II; U.S. ESA – Threatened as U. americanus luteolus; all other subspecies – Similarity of Appearance to a Threatened Species; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Discussion: Reviewed by Larivière (2001 b). Synonyms allocated according to Hall (1981) and Larivière (2001 b).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.021 | 0.017 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".