Perilampus carolinensis Smulyan. Darling 1996

Key to the P. carolinensis species complex 1. Parascrobal area in lateral view usually gradually narrowed (A), though rarely abruptly narrowed (B); gena sculpture entirely striate or with short and narrow smooth area (A) or with long and wide smooth area (B); lower face setae sparse (C) or dense (D), clypeus rarely with large bare area near dorsal margin; shape of the lateral panel of pronotum in posterior oblique view varies (E, F); if parascrobal area in lateral view abruptly narrowed (B), then lateral panel of pronotum with triangular flange (E) and/or clypeus densely setose (D) and/or gena entirely striate or with short and narrow smooth area (A)................................................................................................ P. hyalinus species complex - Parascrobal area in lateral view abruptly narrowed (a, b); gena with long and wide smooth area (a, b); lower face sparsely setose throughout (c) or clypeus with large bare area near dorsal margin (d); lateral panel of pronotum without flange (f) or with small rounded flange in posterior oblique view (e)...................................... P. carolinensis species complex, 2 2(1) Parascrobal area abruptly narrowed at slightly below (A) to above the midlevel of the eye; lower face sparsely setose throughout (B, C); male scape pits sparse throughout, covering about 0.2–0.4× scape length (D, E).............................. 3 - Parascrobal area abruptly narrowed near lower eye margin (a); clypeus with large bare area near dorsal margin (b, c); male scape pits dense dorsad and laterad, and sparse mesad and ventrad, covering about 0.2× scape length (d, e).................................................................................................... P. falcatus clade, 6 3(2) Head cupreous; parascrobal area in lateral view abruptly narrowed at or above midlevel of the eye (A); median ocellus advanced (B); female flagellum light brown or yellow.................................................. P. regalis Smulyan - Head greenish blue to violaceous; parascrobal area in lateral view abruptly narrowed below midlevel of the eye (a); median ocellus in line with lateral ocelli (b); female flagellum dark brown or black...................... P. carolinensis clade, 4 4(3) Frontal carina narrower around median ocellus (A); pitted area on male scape short, covering about 0.2× scape length (B)....................................................................... P. minasgerais Yoo and Darling sp. nov. - Frontal carina wider around median ocellus (a, b); pitted area on male scape short to long, covering 0.2–0.4× scape length.. 5 5(4) Female scrobal cavity in anterior view narrower (A); pitted area on male scape long, covering 0.3–0.4× of scape length (B, C)................................................................................. P. carolinensis Smulyan - Female scrobal cavity in anterior view wider (a); pitted area on male scape short, covering about 0.2× of scape length (b, c)......................................................................... P. cabecar Yoo and Darling sp. nov. 6(2) Frontal carina wider around median ocellus; distance between lateral ocellus and frontal carina short (FCLO/LOD about 0.6 for female (A), 0.4 for male (B))................................................ P. falcatus Yoo and Darling sp. nov. - Frontal carina narrower around median ocellus; distance between lateral ocellus and frontal carina long (FCLO/LOD 0.9–1.0 for female (a), 0.8 for male (b)).......................................................................... 7 7(6) Frontal carina gradually narrowed around median ocellus (A); head and lateral lobes of mesoscutum cupreous along notaulus (A, B)..................................................................... P. tupa Yoo and Darling sp. nov. - Frontal carina abruptly narrowed around anterior ocellus (a, arrow); head and mesoscutum without cupreous iridescence (a, b)........................................................................ P. arasy Yoo and Darling sp. nov. Perilampus carolinensis species complex Diagnostic description. Species in this complex can be recognized by the combination of the following character states: an abruptly narrowed parascrobal area in the lateral view (Figs 3I, 9I, 11I); an gena with wide and long smooth area (Figs 3I, 9I, 11I); the lateral panel of the pronotum in oblique view without a flange (Fig. 3C) or with only a small rounded flange (Fig. 5C) below the level of the mesothoracic spiracle in posterior oblique view; lower face below the torulus with setae sparse and evenly distributed throughout (Figs 3H, 7H) or with a wide and bare area on the clypeus dorsad (Fig. 11H); and the male scape pits either sparse throughout (Figs 4F, G) or dense dorsad and laterad but sparse mesad and ventrad (Figs 12G, 14G). Most of the P. hyalinus species complex has gradually narrowed parascrobal area (Yoo and Darling 2024, figs 6J, 12J). Few species of the P. hyalinus species complex have abruptly narrowed parascrobal area, but have a varying combination of the following character states that are absent in the P. carolinensis species complex: the gena sculpture entirely striate or with a short and narrow smooth area (Yoo and Darling 2024, fig. 18J); the lateral panel of the pronotum in oblique view with a triangular flange (Yoo and Darling 2024, fig. 16D); the lower face below the torulus with setae densely distributed throughout (Yoo and Darling 2024, fig. 17C); and male scapes with densely distributed pits (Yoo and Darling 2024, fig. 17 G, H). Distribution. This species complex includes two clades (P. carolinensis (Fig. 1, IIa) and P. falcatus clades (Fig. 1, IIb)) and a species sola (P. regalis). All species occur in the Neotropical region, and only P. carolinensis and P. regalis have distributions that extend into the Nearctic region.

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