Euura striata

228 Euura striata (Hartig, 1837) Figs 246–247, 466–468 Nematus striatus Hartig, 1837: 191. Lectotype designated by Saarinen (1950b). Amauronematus subnitens Saarinen, 1950b: 49–54. Syn. nov. Amauronematus mimus Schmidt, 1997: 285–286. Secondary homonym of Pteronus mimus Konow, 1903 [= Euura mimus (Konow, 1903)]. Syn. nov. Amauronematus subfuscus Schmidt, 1997: 294. Holotype ♀ (http://id.luomus.fi/GL.3732, MZH). Type locality: Toivakka [688: 45], Finland. Syn. nov. Euura mimator Schmidt, 2014 in Prous et al. 2014: 52. Replacement name for Amauronematus mimus Schmidt, 1997. Diagnosis This common species is very variable in colouration (from mostly black to extensively pale), and we have mainly delimited it using nuclear data. Although also genetically variable and not monophyletic, there is little doubt that most of the specimens we have identified as E. striata share the same gene pool, as indicated by the existence of highly heterozygous females. The genetic distances between the heterozygous females are small (0–0.88%, average 0.38%), while distances to the other species are larger (average distance 1.1%, minimum 0.15%), except to E. propinquator (minimum distance 0.05%) and E. tenuis (minimum distance 0%). The genetic distances between the haploid males (9, one of them a haploid larva) are large (average distance 1%), but these divergent gene variants co-exist in diploid females. The genetic variability is so large that a few conserved nuclear genes are enough to identify (nearly) every specimen. In colouration, E. striata can be similar to E. amicula, E. betulae, E. hartigi, E. propinquator, E. septentrionalis, E. stenogaster, E. tenuis, E. tota, and E. histriato sp. nov. Its lancet (ventrally concave, lamnium usually 1.6–1.7 times as long as radix) and valvula 3 (in dorsal view gradually narrowing and usually rather acute) can be used to separate E. striata from most of these species (see the relevant characters under E. amicula, E. hartigi, E. propinquator, E. stenogaster, E. tota, and E. histriato). Morphological differences from E. betulae, E. septentrionalis, and E. tenuis are less clear. The lamnium of Euura septentrionalis is 1.9–2.2 times as long as the radix, it feeds on Betula, and is also supported by differences in nuclear gene sequences. The lancet of E. betulae may be slightly different (ventrally slightly concave in middle part and slightly convex apically, lamnium 1.5–1.6 times as long as radix), but a clearer difference is evident in nuclear genes if the specimen DEI-GISHym80673 is correctly associated with the holotype of betulae. Euura tenuis may also have a slightly different lancet (lamnium 1.9 times as long as radix), usually darker pterostigma (dark brown or grey), and might have different host preferences (Salix glauca, S. lapponum and maybe S. lanata), but is genetically not clearly different. However, some specimens, partly reared from grey willows, are genetically somewhat more distant to E. striata and E. tenuis (lancets Figs 250–251, penis valve Fig. 471). They have lancets more similar to E. tenuis (lamnium 1.8 times as long as radix, e.g., in ZMUO.046519), but a pale brown pterostigma as in E. striata. Lamnium 1.4 times as long as radix (straight or slightly ventrally convex; ZMUO.035392),?1.4–1.5 (GBIF-GISHym3058), 1.5–1.6 (DEI-GISHym21340), 1.6 (DEI-GISHym12566, DEI-GISHym84235, GL.3827), 1.6–1.7 (DEI-GISHym84211, DEI-GISHym12022). Type material examined Lectotype Nematus striatus GERMANY • ♀; Berlin area; 52° N, 13° E; ZSM, GBIF-GISHym3058. Holotype Amauronematus subnitens FINLAND – Inari Lapland • ♀; Utsjoki, Outakoski; 69.61° N, 25.98° E; 21 Jun. 1947; A. Saarinen leg.; MZH, http://id.luomus.fi/GL.3369. Notes Lancet most similar to E. amicula (lamnium 2 times as long as radix based on Schmidt 1997), otherwise most similar to E. striata (DEI-GISHym84235, ZMUO.035556). Holotype Amauronematus mimus FINLAND – Häme • ♀; Pälkäne; 61.335° N, 24.272° E; 22 May 1965; J. Kangas leg.; MZH, http://id.luomus.fi/GL.2513. Notes Lancet most similar to E. subfusca. Lamnium 1.7 (based on Schmidt 1997) or 1.8–1.9 (holotype) times as long as radix. Holotype most similar to ZMUO.046523, ZMUO.063032. Holotype Amauronematus subfuscus FINLAND – Central Finland • ♀; Toivakka [688: 45]; 62.098° N, 26.082° E; 6 Jun. 1973; E. Tiihonen leg.; MZH, http://id.luomus.fi/GL.3732. Notes Serrulae like in E. elbrus, E. septentrionalis, E. striata. Lamnium 1.7–1.8 times as long as radix (holotype). Most similar to ZMUO.045409. Host plants Salix aurita (Schmidt 1997), S. caprea, S. myrsinifolia, S. phylicifolia. Genetics COI Based on 30 specimens, maximum within-species distance is 2.43% and the nearest neighbours, diverging by a minimum of 0%, are Euura rufa, E. schlueteri, E. stordalensis, E. amicula, E. nuorbinjargi, E. tenuis, E. tota, E. betulae, E. histrio, and E. septentrionalis. Nuclear Based on 30 specimens, maximum within-species distance is 1.37% (1.41% based on haplotypes of individual females). The nearest neighbour, diverging by a minimum of 0%, is Euura tenuis. 0% distance is based on a pair of heterozygous females ZMUO.046518 (E. tenuis) and DEI-GISHym31412 (E. striata) that have only NaK and POL2 available. The heterozygous positions are not identical though. There is one fixed and several almost fixed differences between the species in the HSP90 h1 gene. Distribution and material examined Palaearctic. Specimens studied are from Finland, Germany, Russia, and Sweden.

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