Innovative 4D printing strategies for developping architected microstructures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Developing architected microstructures in Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) requires modifying microstructures during the printing process. A recent approach leverages the laser in LPBF as a heat source for in-situ Selective Laser Heat Treatments (SLHT). Due to the high cooling rates (10³ to 10⁸) in LPBF of Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64), a martensitic microstructure typically forms in the as-built state. Optimizing SLHT parameters from Finite Element (FEM) simulations, it is possible to reach cooling rates between 3 000 and 8 000 °C/s In subsequent heat treatments, while maintaining a sub-transus temperature. This enables the decomposition of the α' martensite, creating a composite microstructure with alternating layers of α' and (α+β) phases. These innovative 4D printing strategies can be generalized to other types of alloys.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".